![]() ![]() ![]() In the case of non-compact materials, one must also take care in determining the mass of the material sample. In the case of sand, it could be water, which can be advantageous for measurement as the void fraction for sand saturated in water-once any air bubbles are thoroughly driven out-is potentially more consistent than dry sand measured with an air void. In practice, the void fraction is not necessarily air, or even gaseous. It might be loose or compact, with more or less air space depending on handling. Some bulk materials, however, such as sand, have a variable void fraction which depends on how the material is agitated or poured. For the close-packing of equal spheres the non-void fraction can be at most about 74%. Sometimes this can be determined by geometrical reasoning. To determine volumetric mass density, one must first discount the volume of the void fraction. This is not the same thing as volumetric mass density. Mass divided by bulk volume determines bulk density. with a calibrated measuring cup) or geometrically from known dimensions. The bulk volume of a material-inclusive of the void fraction-is often obtained by a simple measurement (e.g. Commonly the void is air, but it could also be vacuum, liquid, solid, or a different gas or gaseous mixture. Voids are regions which contain something other than the considered material. Many materials exist in nature as flakes, pellets, or granules. In practice, bulk materials such as sugar, sand, or snow contain voids. ![]()
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